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Strategic Human Resource Management Of An Organisation

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report provide an detail description about the Strategic human resource management  which provides an framework to link organisational strategies which human resource activities. This help in managing the performance of employees toward the achievement of organisational goal which support in developing competitive edge within the market place. This report includes various theories and model to support the importance of SHRM within an organisation. Current report is divided into two part where first task describes about relation between business and human resource strategy to support the concept of SHRM within an organisation. Apart from this it describes about the HR practices for performance management.

In second task it explains about the importance of employment relation within an organisation. It also describes about the role performed by the actors involve in employment relation. From this report it has been found that, SHRM and employment relation plays a crucial role in development and progress of an organisation.  Both the factors support toward developing an environment which foster employees to improve their performance and contribute toward its success. It is recommended that each organisation whether public or private must treat its employees fairly at workplace. So that employees can contribute at their best toward the achievement of organisational objective.

TASK 1

INTRODUCTION:-

Strategic human resource management refers to the process of connecting human resource with strategic objectives for improving performance by developing a culture that foster flexibility, innovation and competitive advantage. This task elaborates about the relation between business strategy and human resource practices (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). It also describes about SHRM models and theoretical approaches that help an organisation to achieve competitive advantage. Further it talks about performance management and HR practices linked with this such as scheduling activities and tasks, monitoring performance, performance appraisal and performance review/feedback.

MAIN BODY

Business strategy:- It refers to a firm's working plan that help in achieving its vision, objectives and achieving competitive edge over competitors. Business strategies describes about long term business planning that provides guidelines to perform actions.

Human resource strategy:- It refers to the process of creating long-term plan for management and development of human resource working within the organisation (HR strategy, 2016). These strategies help in unifying and directing the behaviour as well as action of human resource to promote overall development of employees in accordance with the requirement of organisation.

Relation between business and human resource strategy:-

Business strategy and human resource strategies are inter-related, as overall strategy of an organisation provides direction through which organisational goals can be achieve. On the other hand human resource strategies help in managing the employees so that these goals can be achieved effectively. HR managers mainly focuses on goals of business as they are related to human resource policies and practices. Therefore, business strategy help in figuring out that how manpower spread across the different department within an organisation. For instance, by developing a proper relation between HR practices and organisational strategy, Mark & Spencer  will be able to determine the manpower required to perform a particular project. As management and  retention of employees help in improving the performance outcome after the implication of business strategy. Hence, relation between business strategy and HR practices will help in achieving competitive advantage and in improvising performance outcome.

Coordination between business strategies and human resources practices help in achieving higher success and growth  within the marketplace. In order to align organisational goal with  employees performance, integration is crucial as it increases efficiency and relevance of HRM within an organisation. Following are the types of integration

Vertical alignment:- It refers to the process of acquisition done by two companies that are not working on same level in value chain but are operating their operations in upstream or downstream activities in value chain (Hohenstein, Feisel and Hartmann, 2014). This help company in spreading their activities across value chain and also provide the advantage of sourcing the raw material for production when it involve in upstream acquisition. It help in getting closer to customer when the acquisition is downstream. For instance, Mark & Spencer can integrate vertically with other apparel companies which have flagship store and sell a wide range of product that can get through regular retailer.

Horizontal integration:- It refers to the acquisition between the companies that are working on the same level of value chain within their business. Horizontal integration is very essential when a company want to achieve economies of scale as the same activities or products can be manufacture at large scale with the help of this integration. For instance, Mark & Spencer can merge with other retailers like ASDA or ALDI, as these belongs to same category. So this merger will help in expanding their business at large scale.

Strategical human resource management:-

SHRM refers to the practices of human resource department that assists in attracting, developing, rewarding and retaining employees for providing benefit to both employees and organisation. HR department which involves SHRM practices do not work independently rather they tries to interact with other department for determining their goals and formulated strategies for aligning the goals of individual with organisational goals. SHRM support the goal of rest of organisation by utilizing and integrating skills of human resource to make other departments stronger and effective (Ahmed and et. al., 2016). Matching model of SHRM will prove to be helpful to Regional Business Innovation and Skills department, as this model defines how HRM Practices must be performed to support organisational strategy.

Here is a sample which explains the Importance & Role of Strategic Human Resource Management

Matching model of SHRM:-

This model shows the relation between organisational strategy and HRM practices as well as define how HR activities must be designed to support overall strategies of organisation. This model is divided into two parts where, first part describe about integration of HR strategies and second part will depict about HR cycle. Matching model provides a framework that help in determining how the HRM policies derived from mission and strategy of organisation which further affected by micro environmental factors (Bratton and Gold, 2017). It also depict how functions like selection, appraisal, reward and development are integrated to produce required performance of employees.

Main objective of strategic human resource management is to ensure that HR department of organisation is fully integrated  into strategic planning so that the HRM policies can be accepted and utilized by line manager in their day to day operations. Main theoretical approaches  of SHRM are divide into three categories, which are as explained below:

  • Universalistic approach:-This approach state that there is a group of some best HRM practices and their adaptation will help in generating positive result regardless of any critical situation that may be faced by an organisation (Approaches to SHRM, 2018). Universalistic approach describes that best practices in relation with HR issues like recruitment, selection, training & development and employees motivation are equally reliable to every company despite of varied aspect used within an organisation.  
  • Contingency or best fit approach:-Best fit approaches is disagree with the universalistic theoretical approach and state that presence of universal prescriptions to HR issue doesn't leads to  promotive better performance. But in order to improve the performance of an organisation, integration between the HR policies and organisational policies are required.
  • Resource based view:-It is a mixture of strategic theories which seek to identify the resources that assists firm in sustaining competitive advantage (Albrecht and et. al., 2015). These resources are bundle of tangible and intangible assets, which includes organisational process, employment of skilled personnels, machineries, brand name, information & knowledge etc.

Performance Management:-

It refers to an ongoing process between employees and their managers which provides feedback, accountability and documentation for improving the performance outcome. Performance management is a very crucial function of human resource department as it help aligning the skill and talent of employees with organisational goals (Cardy and Leonard,  2014). This function involves set of activities that are planned by HR manager for ensuring high performance or making sure that each business operation should performed effectively. Following points describes about the set of activities performed by human resource department:

  • Scheduling activities and tasks:-HR manager schedules the activities to be performed, time taken by them and employees which are liable to perform these task. It help in providing the information related to task to be performed by each employee which in reduces the chance of misunderstanding among them related to work. By using this HR practices Mark & Spencer  will be able to manage and minimize its operational time as each individual know about the span of time in which they have to finish their work. So it help in  improving the performance and accomplishing the task on time. Apart from this it may also have negative impact over the activities of an organisation as it will create dependability among employees (Mone and London, 2018). It will also leads to delay in operations as after creating schedule, activities are performed according to it which sometimes may avoid the task which is required to perform urgently.
  • Monitoring performance:- A HR officer also  observes their employees while they are working  to identify their level of performance as well as areas of improvement. By identifying these factors HR manager arrange proper training through which employees can improve their skill that further assists in improving the performance. On the other hand manager also guide their employees different methods to adopt for performing their task more effectively. By involving this HR practice, Mark & Spencer can improve the performance of employees as they get regular guidelines over their work. Hence chance of error get reduced which in turn will enhance the productivity level. But on the other hand, it may have negative impact as regular intervention of senior may disrupt the work of employees or they may get irritated or frustrated.  
  • Performance appraisal:-  This is also consider to be the most crucial function of human resource manager. Performance appraisal refers to the process through which performance of employees are systematically evaluated by HR manager for determining the ability of an individual for their further growth. Under performance appraisal, HR manager reward the employees who perform well. This help in encouraging other employees to improve their performance for gaining appraisals from higher management in term of promotions, incentives (Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan, 2015).  By adding this practices, Mark & Spencer can boost up the confidence of employees which help in brining efficiency in their operations. Instead of this, performance appraisal may also create disputes among employees. For instance, when two employees are working at same position and perform similar task and if one of them get reward of its work then another employee will get demotivated . This action of HR manager may create misunderstanding between the two employees which may affects the performance of another worker.
  • Performance review/feedback:- HR manager regularly provide feedback to their employees about their work and overall performance. This help in identifying the error that affect their performance and areas which they are required to improve. Performance feedback is beneficial for both employees as well as human resource department. As it help employees in determining their level of development and improvement through the year. By involving this activity in their  HR practices, Mark & Spencer can identifying the need of training to improve the performance as well as in deciding the  job or task for employees according to their skills. But apart from this, it may also have negative impact over the performance of employees. As they may get demotivated after getting negative feedback over their performance.  

RECOMMENDATION:-

For designing an effective performance management system, Regional Business Innovation and Skills department is recommended to use an effective plan which describe about the activities to be performed. These activities must be scheduled according to their priority so that each task could be perform in timely manner. Apart from this it is recommended that Mark & Spencer must provide performance appraisal to their employees on time. Rewards are not be bounded for annual basis only, it must be extended to workers according to their performance and on monthly or quarterly basis.

Apart from this regular training must be provided to employees so that performance can be improved which contribute toward positive outcome. Further it also assist employees in being adaptable to changes that are anticipated within as well as outside the organisation. As it help in dealing with future challenges and achieving competitive advantage.

CONCLUSION

From the above given task it can summarized that strategic human resource management is very essential part of an organisation as it focuses on linking the personal goals of employees with overall organisational objective. This will further assists in managing the performance of employees using various HR practices  so that an organisation can achieve competitive advantage and become able to deal with organisational changes.

REFERENCES

  • Ahmed, T. M., and et. al., 2016, May. Studying the effectiveness of application performance management (APM) tools for detecting performance regressions for web applications: an experience report. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (pp. 1-12). ACM.
  • Albrecht, S. L., and et. al., 2015. Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 2(1). pp.7-35.
  • Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2017. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave.
  • Cardy, R. and Leonard, B., 2014. Performance Management: Concepts, Skills and Exercises: Concepts, Skills and Exercises. Routledge.
  • Hohenstein, N. O., Feisel, E. and Hartmann, E., 2014. Human resource management issues in supply chain management research: a systematic literature review from 1998 to 2014. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 44(6). pp.434-463.
  • Mone, E. M. and London, M., 2018. Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge.
  • Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015. Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.
  • Online

TASK 2

INTRODUCTION

Employment relation refers to a legal agreement between employee and employer which shows the terms & condition in which a person perform its duty within an organisation. It describes about how an employer treat or behave with its workers at workplace (Jacoby, 2018)(Kim and Bae, 2017). This task elaborates about the employment relations and various theories related to it such as unitary and conflict. In addition to this it also describes about the role that an actor plays within employment relation.   

MAIN BODY

Employment relations :-

It refers to the study of regulation of employment relationship between employee as well as employer. It describe about how a manager interact and treat their employees and vice versa. By using employee relation theories a company can develop an understanding related to these regulation will help them in positioning responsibilities to better lead their workplace (Employment Relationship, 2018.). It also assists workers in maintaining an environment of equality, where their issues will be heard and proper actions well be taken. Following are the theories of Employment relation:

  • Unitary theory:-The unitary perspective vies an organisation as a single authority or loyalty structure. Unitary theory state that an organisation must have single body of authority which manages all the decision related to business. These leaders ensures to develop worker loyalty at workplace. They create unified goals to inspire employees to work hard. Though, business which employees this theory are good at motivating employees and aligning their work toward certain goal. For instance, by applying this theory Mark & Spencer can centralized their actions which help them in bringing coordination and avoids the conflict related to authority.  But this theory is being criticized by trade union as employees have no power while managers have all the authority.
  • Conflict theory:-This theory view an organisation as union of sectional group in which employees are different in term of their value, interest and objectives. Conflict theory state that employees posses different aspirations from that of management which is the main cause of conflict. According to this theory conflicts are inevitable, functional and normal situation within organisation that may be solve by compromising and collective bargaining. Under this type of environment decisions are taken by group efforts and mutual understanding. By applying this theory Mark & Spencer can delegate authority among employees which help in completing task quickly, as employees doesn't have to wait for taking permission of higher authority (McBride,  Hebson and Holgate, 2015). But apart from this major drawback of applying this theory is increase in conflicts or clash of interest among employees.

Roles of the actors within the Employment Relationship

Employment relation describes about the interaction between any of the actor which are of three types i.e. employees, employer and state. These all work together within an organisation with some set of rules to develop better relationship and understanding. Role of each actor in term of employment relationship can be better understood by following points:

  • Management/employer:- The main role of employer is to recruit workers, assign them tasks and remunerate for the work performed by them (Rousseau, 2015). Employer must ensure that work is assigned according to the capabilities of worker so that they can perform their duties effectively which will be beneficial for both employee as well as employer. Apart from this they are also liable to inform about any changes to their member in industrial relations, offer advice and train on industrial issues.
  • Employees/union:-Unions are the associations of workers that seeks to improve the social being of their members as well as ensures that workers will receive their salary on time (Mishra, Boynton and Mishra,  2014). On the other hand employees are responsible to improve the terms & conditions of their employment by exchanging view with management and voice their grievances.
  • Government:-The role of state government is to influence and regulate the industrial relation by formulating rules, laws, agreement, award of court etc. Apart from this role of government is to hear the grievances that employees have and provide proper judgement by involving labour and tribunal court.

These all are the actors which are involve in the employment relationship concept, contribution and coordination of which help in building up a healthy relation between employer and employee. The nature of work as well as employment relationship are changing continuously which has improved the scenario of employee and employer relation up to a great extent.  As earlier, employees are more humiliated and exploited in workplace. They are forced to work more and are not remunerated as per their work performed (changing nature of employee relations, 2017.). This environment lead to the development of trade union which promote healthy and fair environment for employees to work. Further various rules and legislations are formed for protecting the right of employees and trade union ensures that these laws must be followed by employer (Geppert, Williams and Wortmann, 2015). Therefore, trade union works in favour of employees to provide them secure and healthy working environment where they can work effectively and are fairly remunerated.

RECOMMENDATION

Employees are consider as an asset of the company which contribute toward the success of an organisation so they must be treated fairly and equally. This will help in developing job satisfaction among them which support in improving the productivity. As health employment relation is the key to employment retention, higher productivity and organisational success. Therefore, it is recommended to Mark & Spencer that management must identify the need of employees and must try to improve their organisational norms and procedures. This help in creating such a working environment that foster employees to work effectively for achieving organisational goals.

Apart from this employees participation and employee voice also plays a crucial role in improving the employment relations within an organisation. As active participation of employees within decision making process and other activities which will help in conveying the employees will regarding current process to higher authority. In addition to this employees of Mark & Spencer must also speak up whenever they are forced to perform some action which they are not want to do. Apart from this they also speak up over every unfair decision or at changes that are implement without their concern. This help in improving the relation between employee as well as employer. Further it also help in improving the working condition of other employees working in Mark & Spencer.

CONCLUSION

From the above task it can concluded that employment relation is one of the crucial factor that must be managed by an organisation in order to achieve higher success and growth. As employees are the main part of a company which perform activities that support an organisation in achieving their desired goal. So in order to achieve maximum productivity from their employee it is very essential for employer to develop an healthy and safe working environment to keep their workers happy to achieve higher growth in market place.

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REFERENCES

  • Geppert, M., Williams, K. and Wortmann, M., 2015. Micro-political game playing in Lidl: A comparison of store-level employment relations. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 21(3). pp.241-257.
  • Jacoby, S.M., 2018. The embedded corporation: Corporate governance and employment relations in Japan and the United States. Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, D.O. and Bae, J., 2017. Employment relations and HRM in South Korea. Routledge.
  • McBride, A., Hebson, G. and Holgate, J., 2015. Intersectionality: are we taking enough notice in the field of work and employment relations?. Work, employment and society. 29(2). pp.331-341.
  • Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications. International Journal of Business Communication. 51(2). pp.183-202.
  • Rousseau, D., 2015. I-deals: Idiosyncratic Deals Employees Bargain for Themselves: Idiosyncratic Deals Employees Bargain for Themselves. Routledge.
  • Online 
  • changing nature of employee relations. 2017. [Online] Available through <http://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/strategy-news/new-report-reveals-changing-nature-of-employee-relations/39887>./
  • Employment Relationship. 2018. [Online] Available through<http://ilo.org/ifpdial/areas-of-work/labour-law/WCMS_CON_TXT_IFPDIAL_EMPREL_EN/lang--en/index.htm>./
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